Glossary
(A continued work in progress! Please let me know if I'm missing a word (or several) that you think should be here!
I'm open to suggestions!)
A
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB): Also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB); uterine bleeding that's heavier than normal, occurs at irregular times, or lasts longer than usual.
acupuncture: Eastern medicine system of puncturing the skin with fine needles to treat ailments.
add-back therapy: Hormonal therapy to minimize side effects of medications that suppress estrogen (such as Lupron); add-back therapy usually decreases hot flashes and also helps prevent bone loss.
adenomyosis: A common benign condition of the uterus where the endometrium grows into the uterine wall. Previously this condition was called endometriosis interna, although it appears to be unrelated to endometriosis.
adhesions: Bands of fibrous scar tissue, often caused by surgery.
adrenal gland: Small glands located above each kidney that produce steroid hormones that help control bodily functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
agonist: Medication that acts like another medication but with different characteristics.
allergen: A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
allergy: Symptoms caused by an overreaction of the body's immune system.
androgen: Male sex hormone.
angiogenesis: The growth of new blood vessels.
anovulation: A lack of ovulation; no eagg matures or is released.
antagonist: A medication that works against or blocks a substance; GnRH antagonists, for ex, block the effects of GnRH.
anterior cul-de-sac: A dead end in a woman's body between the pubic bone and the uterus.
antibody: Proteins that make the body immune to antigens.
antigen: Any substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
antiprogestin: A substance that inhibits progesterone formation or function.
appendix: A blind-ended, fingerlike projection extending from the cecum (the end of the large intestine where it connects to the small intestine).
aromatase: An enzyme that converts other hormones into estrogen.
assistive reproductive technology (ART): A fertility-enhancing procedure that most commonly refers to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Also includes procedures in which unfertilized eggs and sperm are placed into the fallopian tube (gamete intrafallopian transfer--GIFT), or fertilized eggs are placed into the fallopian tube (zygote intrafallopian transfer--ZIFT).
ASRM staging system: The system used by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine to describe different degrees of endometriosis.
autoantibodies: A body's antibodies against its own cells.
autoimmune: Initiating or resulting from the production of autoantibodies.
autoimmune disease: A disease in which the body attacks itself.
B
bilateral: located on both sides of the body.
biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample for microscopic examination. The term also refers to the tissue removed.
bisphosphonate: A medication to improve bone density.
B lymphocyte: A white blood cell that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies; also called B cells.
bromocriptine: A drug used to suppress the production of prolactin by the pituitary gland. The brand name is Parlodel®.
C
CA-125: Serum marker. CA-125 is ofter elevated in patients with ovarian cancer, its level following the patient's clinical course. CA-125 is elevated in other cancers, such as endometrial, pancreatic, lung, breast, and colon, and in menstruation, pregnancy, endometriosis, and other conditions (gynecologic and non-gynecologic).
candida albicans: A yeast fungus in the vagina or rectum.
carcinogen: A cancer-causing agent.
cervix: The lower segment of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina; sometimes called the "mouth" of the uterus or womb.
clomiphine (AKA Clomid, Serophene, Milophene): A fertility pill used to promote ovulation, often more than one egg, Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH). Treatment with clomiphine, human menopausal gonadotropin, or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) injections cause more than one egg to develope and release during ovulation.
coagulation: Clotting of the blood.
colostomy: A surgical opening in the abdominal wall for bowel drainage.
computerized tomography (CT scan): A technique of x-ray imaging that creates a three dimensional image.
contracture: A shortening or distortion of a structure.
corpus luteum: A yellow body in the ovary that forms from a follicle after ovulation; the follicle has matured, ruptured, and released its egg. The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone during the second half of a normal menstrual cycle.
cul-de-sac: A dead end in the female pelvis.
cystoscopy: The passing of a lighted tube (cystoscope) into the bladder and ureters through the urethra to examine for abnormalities.
cytokines: Proteins (produced by white blood cells) that act as chemical messengers between cells; can stimulate or inhibit the growth and activity of various immune cells.
D
danazol: A synthetic weak male hormone that blocks ovulation and suppresses estrogen levels and is used to treat endometriosis. Side effects, which can mimic those of a stroke, can last up to 3 month after patient has deceased use.
deep endometriosis: Endometrial lesions that infiltrate at least 5 mm into vital structures, such as the intestines.
DHEA: A male-like hormone (made in the adrenal gland) that's not as potent as testosterone.
dialation and curattage (D&C): A minor (short) surgical procedure that removes tissue from your uterus (womb). You may need this proceedure if you have unexplained bleeding between periods, or if you have delivered a baby and placental tissue remains in the womb. A D&C is also performed to remove pregnancy tissue remaining after a miscarriage or abortion.
dioxins: Toxic organic compounds that may form as a result of incomplete combustion; widely believed to be one cause of endometriosis.
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): See abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
dysmenorrhea: Pain or discomfort before or during a menstrual period.
dyspareunia: Pain in the vagina or pelvis during intercourse.
E
ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that implants a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes.
eggs: The oocyte, the sex cell produces by females.
embryo: The product of conception from Day 14 after fertiliation to Week 8 of pregnancy.
endometrial ablaision: A hysteroscopic procedure used to remove most of the endometrium (uterine lining). Sometimes used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
endometrial biopsy: Removal of a small piece of tissue from the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for microscopic examination. The results may indicate whether or not the endometrium is at the appropriate stage for successful implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) and/or if it is inflamed or diseased.
endometrial hyperplasia/polyp: An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a mass in the inner lining of the uterus. They may have a large flat base (sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle (pedunculated). Pedunculated polyps are more common than sessile ones. They range in size from a few milimeters to several centimeters. If pedunculated, they can protrude through the cervix into the vagina. Small blood vessels may be present, particularly in large polyps.
endometrial implants: Small, flat patches of endometrial-like cells growing outside their normal location.
endometrioma: An ovarian cyst containing endometrial tissue and blood; also called a chocolate cyst.
endometriosis: The presence of endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterus.
endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
enzyme: A protein that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions.
estrogen: A sex hormone that stimulates the development of female sex characteristics. It is produced mainly by the ovaries. Estrogen is largely responsible for stimulating the endometrium to thicken and prepare for pregnancy during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
expectant management: Period of "watchful waiting" without active treatment.
F
fallopian tube: The tube that extends outward from the top of the uterus to near the ovary; carries an egg from the ovary to the uterus.
fibroids: Benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the uterine muscle wall that can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Also known as leiomyomas or myomas.
fibromyalgia: An auto-immune syndrome that causes muscle soreness, pain, stiffness, and fatigue.
fimbria: A fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube, near the ovary. Fimbriae help guide a newly released egg into the fallopian tube.
follicle: A small, fluid-filled cyst (in the ovary) where an egg crows and matures.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): A hormone (produced by the pituitary gland) that stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.
follicular phase: The time in a menstrual cycle that begins with an egg's development and ends with its ovulation.
frozen pelvis: A slang term for the presence of adhesions that bind together all the pelvic cavity organs.
G
ganglion: A group of neurons.
gland: An organ that secretes a substance to be used in the body.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): A hormone made by the gypothalamus, GnRH causes the pituitary gland to make luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), while also promting the pituitary gland to stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.
GnRH analogs/agonists: Synthetic chemicals similar to GnRH. Prolonged use of GnRH analogs cause menopausal levels of estrogen. The brand names are: Lupron®, Depo Lupron®, Synarel®, and Zolodex®.
H
hematosalpinx: A swollen, dilated fallopian tube filled with blood; usually caused by an ectopic pregnancy.
histologic: The microscopic appearance of a tissue structure.
hormone: A chemical produced in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another organ, where it droduces specific effects on metabolism.
human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG): A fertility injection used to promote ovulation, often of more than one egg.
hydrosalpinx: A swollen, dilated fallopian tube filled with fluid; usually caused by blockage (by scar tissue) of the far end of the tube.
hypothalamus: A small gland at the base of the brain that regulates many bodily functions.
hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis: A term describing the combined interactions of these three endocrine glands, which normally behave as a single system.
hysterectomy: The surgical removal of the uterus through an abdominal incision or the vagina, sometimes with the aid of a laparoscope.
hysterosalpingogram (HSG): A radiographic (x-ray) diagnostic test to determine whether the fallopian tubes are open and whether the uterus has any abnormalities.
hysteroscope: A thin, lighted, telescope-like instrument which is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity to allow viewing of the inside of the uterus.
hysteroscopy: A diagnostic procedure in which a doctore inserts a lighted scope through the cervix into the uterus for viewing the inside of the uterus. A hysteroscopy can be used to both diagnose and surgically treat uterine conditions.
I
immunoglobulins: A class of antibodies released into the bloodstream in response to infections, immuniations, and autoimmune diseases.
immunotherapy: Treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immuneresponse.
interleukins: Cytokines made by leukocytes.
Intrauterine device (IUD): A contraceptive device placed within the uterus; may also be used to prevent scar tissue formation following uterine surgery.
Intrauterine insemination (IUI): An office procedure in which prepared sperm cells are placed into the uterus.
In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET): A procedure in which eggs are fertilized in a laboratory and one or more embryo is placed into the uterus.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A bowel condition that results in irregular and uncoordinated intestinal contractions and often causes diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.
J
K
L
laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA): A surgical procedure to sever nerves and relax the ligaments that attach to the bottom of the uterus in an attempt to decrease pain from endometriosis.
laparoscopy: The direct visualization of the ovaries and exterior of the fallopian tubes and uterus through a surgical instrument inserted through a small incision near the navel.
laparotomy: Surgical incision through the abdominal wall; may be a vertical cut, or horizontal, like a c-section.
lesions: Areas of abnormal tissue or disease. Examples include scar tissue, polyps, and uterine fibroids.
leukocytes: White blood cells.
ligaments: Strong bands of cordlike tissue that connect bone to bone.
LUPRON DEPOT® (leuprolide acetate for depot suspension): 3.75 mg and – 3 Month 11.25 mg. Used for the management of endometriosis, including pain relief and reduction of endometriotic lesions. LUPRON DEPOT with daily norethindrone acetate 5 mg is also indicated for initial management of endometriosis and for management of recurrence of symptoms. The recommended initial treatment is no more than 6 months. Repeat treatment for endometriosis should be limited to 6 months.
luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUF): Failure of the ovary to release the egg into the abdominal cavity at the time of ovulation.
luteinizing hormone (LH): The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate growth and maturation of eggs in women during the second half of the menstrual cycle. In men, LH is the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to produce the male hormone testosterone.
lymph: An almost colorless fluid that carries white blood cells through the lymphatic system.
lymphatic system: The circulatory network of vessels carrying lymph and the lymphaoid organs (such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus) that produce and store infection-fighting cells.
lympocyte: A type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection.
M
macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic imaging procedure that absorbs energy from high frequency radio waves.
menopause: Natural cessation of ovarian function and menstruation. Menopause can occur between the ages of 42 and 56 but usually occurs around the age of 51 when the ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen levels decline. This can also be medically or surgically induced.
menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual bleeding which is excessive either in amount (greater than 80 cc – approximately five tablespoons) or duration (greater than 7 days).
menstrual cycle: The monthly cycle of hormonal changes in a woman.
mesoderm: The middle layer of cells in an embryo that become the musculo-skeletal uretogenital, vascular, and connective tissue systems.
metabolism: A biochemical modification in cells and organisms to produce organic compounds and energy.
metaplasia: A change of cells from one type to another, sometimes to a type of cell that doesn't normally occur in the tissue where it is found.
metrorrhagia: Irregular uterine bleeding or uterine bleeding during times other than a normal menstrual cycle.
monocyte: A large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles; develops into a macrophage when entering tissues.
Mullerian ducts: A system present in both sexes early in fetal development; upon development, this system differentiates into a uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina.
myomas: Benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the uterine muscle wall that can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and miscarriage. See also: Fibroids.
myomectemy: The surgical removal of myomas (fibroids) from the uterus.
myometrium: The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
N
natural killer cells: A type of white blood cell containing granules with enzymes that kill tumor and microbial cells.
neurons: Cells in the nervous system that receive and donduct electrical impulses.
neutrophil: A white blood cell important in ingesting pathogens.
Nodules: Penetrating knot-like collections of endometriosis.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID): Medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin.
O
oligomenorrhea: Sant blood flow during the mensrual period.
oocyte: The egg produced by a female.
oophorectomy: The surgical removal of the ovaries.
ovary: The female reproductive organ that manufactures estrogen and eggs.
ovulation: The release of an egg from the ovary.
P
pathogens: Microorganisms that cause disease.
pelvic cavity: The basin-shaped cavity that holds the reproductive organs.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: a wide range of issues that occur when muscles of the pelvic floor are weak, tight, or there is an impairment of the sacroiliac joint, lower back, coccyx, or hip joints. Tissues surrounding the pelvic organs may have increased or decreased sensitivity or irritation resulting in pelvic pain. Many times, the underlying cause of pelvic pain is difficult to determine. Pelvic floor dysfunction may include any of a group of clinical conditions that includes urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, sensory and emptying abnormalities of the lower urinary tract, defecatory dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and several chronic pain syndromes, including vulvodynia. The three most common and definable conditions encountered clinically are urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones.
peritoneum: The clear tissue membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal cavities.
phytoestrogens: Naturally occurring estrogen-like compounds.
pituitary: An endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Nonflammable chemicals used in industry; known to be long-lasting and to cause cell alterations.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): A condition in which the ovaries containmany cystic follicles that are associated with chronic anovulation and overproduction of androgens (male hormones). The cystic follicles exist presumably because the eggs are not expelled at the time of ovulation. Symptoms may include irregular menstrual periods, obesity, excessive growth of central body hair (hirsutism), and infertility. PCOS can also be associated with heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes. Also called Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods.
polyp: A general term that describes any mass of tissue which bulges or projects outward or upward from the normal surface level.
posterior cul-de-sac: A dead end in a woman's body behind the uterus.
pre-sacral neurectomy: The destruction of the nerves (which run over the sacrum) that carry pain sensations from the pelvis.
primary dysmenorrhea: Pain associated with menstrual periods that decreases with age.
progesterone: A steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries.
progestin: A synthetic hormone that is similar to progesterone.
prolactin: A hormone normally secreted by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream for the purpose of maintaining milk production during lactation. When secreted in excessive amounts, it may lead to irregular or absent menstrual periods and may produce a milk-like discharge from the breasts.
prostaglandins: Hormone-like chemicals produced in large amounts by endometrial cells. They stimulate the uterine muscles to contract and are largely responsible for menstrual cramps.
Pseudo-menopause: A hormonal state created by taking medication and characterized by low estrogen levels similar to those found at menopause.
Q
R
rectum: The last few inches of the large intestine, which end at the anus (the outer opening of the intestines).
resection: The cutting out of tissue or organs.
retrograde menstruation: A backward movement of menstrual fluids through the fallopian tubes and into the peritoneal cavity. Although the exact reasons that cause retrograde menstruation to occur are unknown, the condition is believed to be one of the causes of endometriosis.
retroverted uterus: A uterus that is tilted backwards. This is found in approximately 10% of normal women.
reversible menopause: A hormonal state in which estrogen levels fall to menopausal levels; ovulation and menstruation do not occur. Reversible menopause is created by taking GnRH analogs.
S
sacrum: The curved, triangular bone at the base of spine; consisting of five fused vertebrae, known as sacral vertebrae.
secondary dysmenorrhea: Pain associated with menstrual periods that begins later in a woman's reproductive life span. It may be due to an abnormal condition such as endometriosis or infection.
serosa: The delicate, one-cell-thick outside lining of an organ in the body.
stenosis: The narrowing of any blood vessel or passage.
stratum basilis: The inner layer of the endometrium.
stratum functionalis: The outer layer of the endometrium, which is sloughed off during a menstrual period.
stroma: The connective tissue framework of an organ, gland, or other structure.
superovulation: Treatment with clomiphene, human menopausal gonadotropin or follicle stimulating hormone injections to cause more than one egg to develop and release during ovulation.
T
T lymphocytes (T cells): White blood cells (produced in the bone marrow) that aid B cells in making antibodies to fight bacterial infections.
testosterone: The primary male hormone.
thyroid: A gland (located in the frong of the neck) that regulates metabolism.
tissue: A group of similar cells united to perform a specific function.
torsion (Ovarian Torsion): Ovarian torsion is the twisting of the ovary due to the influence of another condition or disease. This results in extreme lower abdominal pain. There are a variety of conditions that can cause torsion of the ovary ranging from changes in normal ovaries to congenital and developmental abnormalities or even a disease that affects the tube or ovary. The diagnosis of ovarian torsions usually occurs in an emergency room due to the suddenness of extreme pain. Since 20% of ovarian torsions occur in pregnant women, physicians will order a pregnancy test. Visualization with an ultrasound and CT scan (computed tomography) will help pinpoint the ovarian structures and allow physicians to diagnose. Diagnosis is often confirmed through laparoscopy. Ovarian torsions need to be repaired. This is done through surgery. If ovarian torsions are diagnosed and treated early, then the prognosis is favorable. However, if diagnosis is delayed, the torsions can worsen and cut off arterial blood flow into and venous blood flow out of the ovary. This results in necrosis (death) of the ovarian tissue.
tumor necrosis factor (TNF): A cytokine produced by T cells and macrophages.
U
ultrasound: A technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to form an image of internal organs. Can be internal or external.
umbilicus: The navel, or belly button.
ureter: One of two 12-nch-long tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
urethra: The canal or duct that transports urine from the bladder to outside the body.
uterine leiomyomata (AKA fibroids, leiomyomas or myomas): benign growths of the muscle inside the uterus. They are not cancerous, nor are they related to cancer. Fibroids can cause a wide variety of symptoms, including heavy menstrual bleeding and pressure on the pelvis. No one knows exactly what causes fibroids. However, the growth of fibroids appears to depend on the hormone estrogen. Fibroids often grow larger when estrogen levels are high, as in pregnancy. Medications that lower the estrogen level can cause the fibroids to shrink.
uterosacral ligament: A pair of ligaments that attach the cervix to the sacrum and are a common place to find endometriosis.
uterus: The hollow, muscular, pear-shaked organ in a woman that contains and nourishes a fetus.
V
vagina: The female organ of sexual intercourse; the birth canal.
vascular system: Vessels and tissue that carry and circulate fluids, such as blood and lymph. viscera: The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
W
white blood cells (WBC): A type of blood cell that involves the immune system.
X
Y
yeast fungus: A microorganism; more evolved that bacteria. Candida albicans species is a common yeast fungus in humans.
Z
abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB): Also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB); uterine bleeding that's heavier than normal, occurs at irregular times, or lasts longer than usual.
acupuncture: Eastern medicine system of puncturing the skin with fine needles to treat ailments.
add-back therapy: Hormonal therapy to minimize side effects of medications that suppress estrogen (such as Lupron); add-back therapy usually decreases hot flashes and also helps prevent bone loss.
adenomyosis: A common benign condition of the uterus where the endometrium grows into the uterine wall. Previously this condition was called endometriosis interna, although it appears to be unrelated to endometriosis.
adhesions: Bands of fibrous scar tissue, often caused by surgery.
adrenal gland: Small glands located above each kidney that produce steroid hormones that help control bodily functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure.
agonist: Medication that acts like another medication but with different characteristics.
allergen: A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
allergy: Symptoms caused by an overreaction of the body's immune system.
androgen: Male sex hormone.
angiogenesis: The growth of new blood vessels.
anovulation: A lack of ovulation; no eagg matures or is released.
antagonist: A medication that works against or blocks a substance; GnRH antagonists, for ex, block the effects of GnRH.
anterior cul-de-sac: A dead end in a woman's body between the pubic bone and the uterus.
antibody: Proteins that make the body immune to antigens.
antigen: Any substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
antiprogestin: A substance that inhibits progesterone formation or function.
appendix: A blind-ended, fingerlike projection extending from the cecum (the end of the large intestine where it connects to the small intestine).
aromatase: An enzyme that converts other hormones into estrogen.
assistive reproductive technology (ART): A fertility-enhancing procedure that most commonly refers to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Also includes procedures in which unfertilized eggs and sperm are placed into the fallopian tube (gamete intrafallopian transfer--GIFT), or fertilized eggs are placed into the fallopian tube (zygote intrafallopian transfer--ZIFT).
ASRM staging system: The system used by the American Society of Reproductive Medicine to describe different degrees of endometriosis.
autoantibodies: A body's antibodies against its own cells.
autoimmune: Initiating or resulting from the production of autoantibodies.
autoimmune disease: A disease in which the body attacks itself.
B
bilateral: located on both sides of the body.
biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample for microscopic examination. The term also refers to the tissue removed.
bisphosphonate: A medication to improve bone density.
B lymphocyte: A white blood cell that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies; also called B cells.
bromocriptine: A drug used to suppress the production of prolactin by the pituitary gland. The brand name is Parlodel®.
C
CA-125: Serum marker. CA-125 is ofter elevated in patients with ovarian cancer, its level following the patient's clinical course. CA-125 is elevated in other cancers, such as endometrial, pancreatic, lung, breast, and colon, and in menstruation, pregnancy, endometriosis, and other conditions (gynecologic and non-gynecologic).
candida albicans: A yeast fungus in the vagina or rectum.
carcinogen: A cancer-causing agent.
cervix: The lower segment of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina; sometimes called the "mouth" of the uterus or womb.
clomiphine (AKA Clomid, Serophene, Milophene): A fertility pill used to promote ovulation, often more than one egg, Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH). Treatment with clomiphine, human menopausal gonadotropin, or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) injections cause more than one egg to develope and release during ovulation.
coagulation: Clotting of the blood.
colostomy: A surgical opening in the abdominal wall for bowel drainage.
computerized tomography (CT scan): A technique of x-ray imaging that creates a three dimensional image.
contracture: A shortening or distortion of a structure.
corpus luteum: A yellow body in the ovary that forms from a follicle after ovulation; the follicle has matured, ruptured, and released its egg. The corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone during the second half of a normal menstrual cycle.
cul-de-sac: A dead end in the female pelvis.
cystoscopy: The passing of a lighted tube (cystoscope) into the bladder and ureters through the urethra to examine for abnormalities.
cytokines: Proteins (produced by white blood cells) that act as chemical messengers between cells; can stimulate or inhibit the growth and activity of various immune cells.
D
danazol: A synthetic weak male hormone that blocks ovulation and suppresses estrogen levels and is used to treat endometriosis. Side effects, which can mimic those of a stroke, can last up to 3 month after patient has deceased use.
deep endometriosis: Endometrial lesions that infiltrate at least 5 mm into vital structures, such as the intestines.
DHEA: A male-like hormone (made in the adrenal gland) that's not as potent as testosterone.
dialation and curattage (D&C): A minor (short) surgical procedure that removes tissue from your uterus (womb). You may need this proceedure if you have unexplained bleeding between periods, or if you have delivered a baby and placental tissue remains in the womb. A D&C is also performed to remove pregnancy tissue remaining after a miscarriage or abortion.
dioxins: Toxic organic compounds that may form as a result of incomplete combustion; widely believed to be one cause of endometriosis.
dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): See abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)
dysmenorrhea: Pain or discomfort before or during a menstrual period.
dyspareunia: Pain in the vagina or pelvis during intercourse.
E
ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that implants a fertilized egg outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes.
eggs: The oocyte, the sex cell produces by females.
embryo: The product of conception from Day 14 after fertiliation to Week 8 of pregnancy.
endometrial ablaision: A hysteroscopic procedure used to remove most of the endometrium (uterine lining). Sometimes used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
endometrial biopsy: Removal of a small piece of tissue from the endometrium (lining of the uterus) for microscopic examination. The results may indicate whether or not the endometrium is at the appropriate stage for successful implantation of a fertilized egg (embryo) and/or if it is inflamed or diseased.
endometrial hyperplasia/polyp: An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a mass in the inner lining of the uterus. They may have a large flat base (sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle (pedunculated). Pedunculated polyps are more common than sessile ones. They range in size from a few milimeters to several centimeters. If pedunculated, they can protrude through the cervix into the vagina. Small blood vessels may be present, particularly in large polyps.
endometrial implants: Small, flat patches of endometrial-like cells growing outside their normal location.
endometrioma: An ovarian cyst containing endometrial tissue and blood; also called a chocolate cyst.
endometriosis: The presence of endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterus.
endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
enzyme: A protein that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions.
estrogen: A sex hormone that stimulates the development of female sex characteristics. It is produced mainly by the ovaries. Estrogen is largely responsible for stimulating the endometrium to thicken and prepare for pregnancy during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
expectant management: Period of "watchful waiting" without active treatment.
F
fallopian tube: The tube that extends outward from the top of the uterus to near the ovary; carries an egg from the ovary to the uterus.
fibroids: Benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the uterine muscle wall that can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Also known as leiomyomas or myomas.
fibromyalgia: An auto-immune syndrome that causes muscle soreness, pain, stiffness, and fatigue.
fimbria: A fingerlike projection at the end of the fallopian tube, near the ovary. Fimbriae help guide a newly released egg into the fallopian tube.
follicle: A small, fluid-filled cyst (in the ovary) where an egg crows and matures.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): A hormone (produced by the pituitary gland) that stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.
follicular phase: The time in a menstrual cycle that begins with an egg's development and ends with its ovulation.
frozen pelvis: A slang term for the presence of adhesions that bind together all the pelvic cavity organs.
G
ganglion: A group of neurons.
gland: An organ that secretes a substance to be used in the body.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): A hormone made by the gypothalamus, GnRH causes the pituitary gland to make luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), while also promting the pituitary gland to stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.
GnRH analogs/agonists: Synthetic chemicals similar to GnRH. Prolonged use of GnRH analogs cause menopausal levels of estrogen. The brand names are: Lupron®, Depo Lupron®, Synarel®, and Zolodex®.
H
hematosalpinx: A swollen, dilated fallopian tube filled with blood; usually caused by an ectopic pregnancy.
histologic: The microscopic appearance of a tissue structure.
hormone: A chemical produced in a gland and transported in the bloodstream to another organ, where it droduces specific effects on metabolism.
human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG): A fertility injection used to promote ovulation, often of more than one egg.
hydrosalpinx: A swollen, dilated fallopian tube filled with fluid; usually caused by blockage (by scar tissue) of the far end of the tube.
hypothalamus: A small gland at the base of the brain that regulates many bodily functions.
hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis: A term describing the combined interactions of these three endocrine glands, which normally behave as a single system.
hysterectomy: The surgical removal of the uterus through an abdominal incision or the vagina, sometimes with the aid of a laparoscope.
hysterosalpingogram (HSG): A radiographic (x-ray) diagnostic test to determine whether the fallopian tubes are open and whether the uterus has any abnormalities.
hysteroscope: A thin, lighted, telescope-like instrument which is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity to allow viewing of the inside of the uterus.
hysteroscopy: A diagnostic procedure in which a doctore inserts a lighted scope through the cervix into the uterus for viewing the inside of the uterus. A hysteroscopy can be used to both diagnose and surgically treat uterine conditions.
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immunoglobulins: A class of antibodies released into the bloodstream in response to infections, immuniations, and autoimmune diseases.
immunotherapy: Treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immuneresponse.
interleukins: Cytokines made by leukocytes.
Intrauterine device (IUD): A contraceptive device placed within the uterus; may also be used to prevent scar tissue formation following uterine surgery.
Intrauterine insemination (IUI): An office procedure in which prepared sperm cells are placed into the uterus.
In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET): A procedure in which eggs are fertilized in a laboratory and one or more embryo is placed into the uterus.
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): A bowel condition that results in irregular and uncoordinated intestinal contractions and often causes diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.
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laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA): A surgical procedure to sever nerves and relax the ligaments that attach to the bottom of the uterus in an attempt to decrease pain from endometriosis.
laparoscopy: The direct visualization of the ovaries and exterior of the fallopian tubes and uterus through a surgical instrument inserted through a small incision near the navel.
laparotomy: Surgical incision through the abdominal wall; may be a vertical cut, or horizontal, like a c-section.
lesions: Areas of abnormal tissue or disease. Examples include scar tissue, polyps, and uterine fibroids.
leukocytes: White blood cells.
ligaments: Strong bands of cordlike tissue that connect bone to bone.
LUPRON DEPOT® (leuprolide acetate for depot suspension): 3.75 mg and – 3 Month 11.25 mg. Used for the management of endometriosis, including pain relief and reduction of endometriotic lesions. LUPRON DEPOT with daily norethindrone acetate 5 mg is also indicated for initial management of endometriosis and for management of recurrence of symptoms. The recommended initial treatment is no more than 6 months. Repeat treatment for endometriosis should be limited to 6 months.
luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome (LUF): Failure of the ovary to release the egg into the abdominal cavity at the time of ovulation.
luteinizing hormone (LH): The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate growth and maturation of eggs in women during the second half of the menstrual cycle. In men, LH is the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to produce the male hormone testosterone.
lymph: An almost colorless fluid that carries white blood cells through the lymphatic system.
lymphatic system: The circulatory network of vessels carrying lymph and the lymphaoid organs (such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus) that produce and store infection-fighting cells.
lympocyte: A type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection.
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macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic imaging procedure that absorbs energy from high frequency radio waves.
menopause: Natural cessation of ovarian function and menstruation. Menopause can occur between the ages of 42 and 56 but usually occurs around the age of 51 when the ovaries stop producing eggs and estrogen levels decline. This can also be medically or surgically induced.
menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual bleeding which is excessive either in amount (greater than 80 cc – approximately five tablespoons) or duration (greater than 7 days).
menstrual cycle: The monthly cycle of hormonal changes in a woman.
mesoderm: The middle layer of cells in an embryo that become the musculo-skeletal uretogenital, vascular, and connective tissue systems.
metabolism: A biochemical modification in cells and organisms to produce organic compounds and energy.
metaplasia: A change of cells from one type to another, sometimes to a type of cell that doesn't normally occur in the tissue where it is found.
metrorrhagia: Irregular uterine bleeding or uterine bleeding during times other than a normal menstrual cycle.
monocyte: A large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles; develops into a macrophage when entering tissues.
Mullerian ducts: A system present in both sexes early in fetal development; upon development, this system differentiates into a uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina.
myomas: Benign (non-cancerous) tumors of the uterine muscle wall that can cause abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and miscarriage. See also: Fibroids.
myomectemy: The surgical removal of myomas (fibroids) from the uterus.
myometrium: The muscular outer layer of the uterus.
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natural killer cells: A type of white blood cell containing granules with enzymes that kill tumor and microbial cells.
neurons: Cells in the nervous system that receive and donduct electrical impulses.
neutrophil: A white blood cell important in ingesting pathogens.
Nodules: Penetrating knot-like collections of endometriosis.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID): Medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin.
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oligomenorrhea: Sant blood flow during the mensrual period.
oocyte: The egg produced by a female.
oophorectomy: The surgical removal of the ovaries.
ovary: The female reproductive organ that manufactures estrogen and eggs.
ovulation: The release of an egg from the ovary.
P
pathogens: Microorganisms that cause disease.
pelvic cavity: The basin-shaped cavity that holds the reproductive organs.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: a wide range of issues that occur when muscles of the pelvic floor are weak, tight, or there is an impairment of the sacroiliac joint, lower back, coccyx, or hip joints. Tissues surrounding the pelvic organs may have increased or decreased sensitivity or irritation resulting in pelvic pain. Many times, the underlying cause of pelvic pain is difficult to determine. Pelvic floor dysfunction may include any of a group of clinical conditions that includes urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, sensory and emptying abnormalities of the lower urinary tract, defecatory dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and several chronic pain syndromes, including vulvodynia. The three most common and definable conditions encountered clinically are urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones.
peritoneum: The clear tissue membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal cavities.
phytoestrogens: Naturally occurring estrogen-like compounds.
pituitary: An endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Nonflammable chemicals used in industry; known to be long-lasting and to cause cell alterations.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): A condition in which the ovaries containmany cystic follicles that are associated with chronic anovulation and overproduction of androgens (male hormones). The cystic follicles exist presumably because the eggs are not expelled at the time of ovulation. Symptoms may include irregular menstrual periods, obesity, excessive growth of central body hair (hirsutism), and infertility. PCOS can also be associated with heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes. Also called Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods.
polyp: A general term that describes any mass of tissue which bulges or projects outward or upward from the normal surface level.
posterior cul-de-sac: A dead end in a woman's body behind the uterus.
pre-sacral neurectomy: The destruction of the nerves (which run over the sacrum) that carry pain sensations from the pelvis.
primary dysmenorrhea: Pain associated with menstrual periods that decreases with age.
progesterone: A steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries.
progestin: A synthetic hormone that is similar to progesterone.
prolactin: A hormone normally secreted by the pituitary gland into the bloodstream for the purpose of maintaining milk production during lactation. When secreted in excessive amounts, it may lead to irregular or absent menstrual periods and may produce a milk-like discharge from the breasts.
prostaglandins: Hormone-like chemicals produced in large amounts by endometrial cells. They stimulate the uterine muscles to contract and are largely responsible for menstrual cramps.
Pseudo-menopause: A hormonal state created by taking medication and characterized by low estrogen levels similar to those found at menopause.
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rectum: The last few inches of the large intestine, which end at the anus (the outer opening of the intestines).
resection: The cutting out of tissue or organs.
retrograde menstruation: A backward movement of menstrual fluids through the fallopian tubes and into the peritoneal cavity. Although the exact reasons that cause retrograde menstruation to occur are unknown, the condition is believed to be one of the causes of endometriosis.
retroverted uterus: A uterus that is tilted backwards. This is found in approximately 10% of normal women.
reversible menopause: A hormonal state in which estrogen levels fall to menopausal levels; ovulation and menstruation do not occur. Reversible menopause is created by taking GnRH analogs.
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sacrum: The curved, triangular bone at the base of spine; consisting of five fused vertebrae, known as sacral vertebrae.
secondary dysmenorrhea: Pain associated with menstrual periods that begins later in a woman's reproductive life span. It may be due to an abnormal condition such as endometriosis or infection.
serosa: The delicate, one-cell-thick outside lining of an organ in the body.
stenosis: The narrowing of any blood vessel or passage.
stratum basilis: The inner layer of the endometrium.
stratum functionalis: The outer layer of the endometrium, which is sloughed off during a menstrual period.
stroma: The connective tissue framework of an organ, gland, or other structure.
superovulation: Treatment with clomiphene, human menopausal gonadotropin or follicle stimulating hormone injections to cause more than one egg to develop and release during ovulation.
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T lymphocytes (T cells): White blood cells (produced in the bone marrow) that aid B cells in making antibodies to fight bacterial infections.
testosterone: The primary male hormone.
thyroid: A gland (located in the frong of the neck) that regulates metabolism.
tissue: A group of similar cells united to perform a specific function.
torsion (Ovarian Torsion): Ovarian torsion is the twisting of the ovary due to the influence of another condition or disease. This results in extreme lower abdominal pain. There are a variety of conditions that can cause torsion of the ovary ranging from changes in normal ovaries to congenital and developmental abnormalities or even a disease that affects the tube or ovary. The diagnosis of ovarian torsions usually occurs in an emergency room due to the suddenness of extreme pain. Since 20% of ovarian torsions occur in pregnant women, physicians will order a pregnancy test. Visualization with an ultrasound and CT scan (computed tomography) will help pinpoint the ovarian structures and allow physicians to diagnose. Diagnosis is often confirmed through laparoscopy. Ovarian torsions need to be repaired. This is done through surgery. If ovarian torsions are diagnosed and treated early, then the prognosis is favorable. However, if diagnosis is delayed, the torsions can worsen and cut off arterial blood flow into and venous blood flow out of the ovary. This results in necrosis (death) of the ovarian tissue.
tumor necrosis factor (TNF): A cytokine produced by T cells and macrophages.
U
ultrasound: A technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to form an image of internal organs. Can be internal or external.
umbilicus: The navel, or belly button.
ureter: One of two 12-nch-long tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
urethra: The canal or duct that transports urine from the bladder to outside the body.
uterine leiomyomata (AKA fibroids, leiomyomas or myomas): benign growths of the muscle inside the uterus. They are not cancerous, nor are they related to cancer. Fibroids can cause a wide variety of symptoms, including heavy menstrual bleeding and pressure on the pelvis. No one knows exactly what causes fibroids. However, the growth of fibroids appears to depend on the hormone estrogen. Fibroids often grow larger when estrogen levels are high, as in pregnancy. Medications that lower the estrogen level can cause the fibroids to shrink.
uterosacral ligament: A pair of ligaments that attach the cervix to the sacrum and are a common place to find endometriosis.
uterus: The hollow, muscular, pear-shaked organ in a woman that contains and nourishes a fetus.
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vagina: The female organ of sexual intercourse; the birth canal.
vascular system: Vessels and tissue that carry and circulate fluids, such as blood and lymph. viscera: The soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.
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white blood cells (WBC): A type of blood cell that involves the immune system.
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yeast fungus: A microorganism; more evolved that bacteria. Candida albicans species is a common yeast fungus in humans.
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